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| Credit: bufata-chemie.de |
The Oppau explosion occurred on September 21, 1921 when a tower silo storing 4,500 tonnes of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded at a BASF plant in Oppau, now part of Ludwigshafen, Germany, killing 500–600 people and injuring about 2,000 more. The plant began producing ammonium sulfate in 1911, but during World War I when Germany was unable to obtain the necessary sulfur, it began to produce ammonium nitrate as well...
Compared to ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate is strongly hygroscopic, so the mixture of ammonium sulfate and nitrate clogged together under the pressure of its own weight, turning it into a plaster-like substance in the 20 m high silo. The workers needed to use pickaxes to get it out, a problematic situation because they could not enter the silo and risk being buried in collapsing fertilizer.
To ease their work, small charges of dynamite were used to loosen the mixture. The procedure was tried experimentally and was considered safe; it was not known at the time that ammonium nitrate was explosive. Nothing extraordinary happened during an estimated 20,000 firings, until the fateful explosion on September 21. As all involved died in the explosion, the causes are not clear. A theory is that the mixture changed and a higher concentration of ammonium nitrate was present.Oops.
In my searching, I found a rather amusing early news report from Nature on the explosion, which includes this gem:
...in substantiation of its innocuous character they adduce the fact that in factories producing it no accident has occurred for a number of years, when explosives have been applied to it for the purpose of breaking up blocks of the mixed salts which have set hard.I'm fairly new to this field, but it seems to me that part of process chemistry is showing "the box" in which a process can be run. A process chemist can only hope to guarantee desired results (yield, purity/quality, safety) in within the reaction parameters (heat, concentration, volume, what have you) that have already been defined. One wonders what happened at Oppau; obviously, someone stepped outside the box.
I'm fairly new to this field as well, but I've never seen small charges of dynamite as a process parameter in any of our QbD work. We've got an API that's bridging and sticking in the feeder going into a granulator - I'll have to suggest this.
ReplyDeleteThat is one freaking huge crater!
ReplyDeleteRe: bridging/sticking: I used to work with chemical engineers who were working with powders, etc., and they would have problems with this in their lab scale equipment in the pipes/chutes. Their solution? Rubber mallets.
ReplyDeleteYou should look up the Texas City harbor ship explosion to see what can happen when safe ammonium sulfate/nitrate mixtures explode. The volumes "Chemistry and Technology of Explosives" have several colorful stories of safe plants going up in smoke.
ReplyDeleteAlways expect the unexpected.
ReplyDeleteI had several "surprises" due to false manipulation by plant workers or chemical suppliers. One sits well in my memory: We were in the control room of a custom manufacturer. We had to transfer 10Cubic meters of reaction mixture to another reactor. The operator could not get the reactor pressure above 0,5 Bar. I said "why don't you go and look?" He said "It's ok." and continued to apply nitrogen. So I went and looked, there it was the reaction mixture spewing out of an intake valve. Anyway we got it sorted, turned out that the operator had not replaced the cap properly after removing the pH electrode.
I never thought that could happen, but I wrote it into the pilot plant procedure and introduced it into the safety analysis.
Shit.
Q, I really, really, really wish I didn't know what you mean. But I do.
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